ALT – Alanine aminotransferase (BM)
ALT is an enzyme found in highest concentrations in the liver but also in smaller amounts in heart, muscle and kidney. May be elevated due to hepatocellular disease, biliary issues, pancreatitis.
AST – Aspartate aminotransferase (BM)
AST is an intracellular enzyme that is usually elevated due to active tissue and cellular destruction. May be elevated due to hepatitis, liver cirrhosis or alcoholism, hypothyroidism. May be decreased due to Vit B6 deficiency, elevated serum nitrogen.
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl transferase (BM)
An enzyme found primarily in the liver, kidney, and pancreas. May be elevated due to biliary tree dysfunction, alcoholism, pancreatitis, oxidative stress. May be decreased due to hypothyroidism, magnesium deficiency.
HbA1c – Glycated haemoglobin (BM)
HbA1c – Glycated haemoglobin is a biomarker for impaired glucose metabolism and indicates the average blood glucose concentration over the previous 2–3 months. Non-diabetic subjects with increased HbA1c, often termed “pre-diabetes”, have a higher risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality.
Uric Acid (BM)
Uric Acid is the product of DNA purine base metabolism and excretion in the kidneys; it may indicate oxidative stress and elevated levels are associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. May be elevated due to gout, kidney dysfunction, excess alcohol intake, starvation, extreme calorie restriction, liver dysfunction, haemolytic anaemia, excess fructose consumption, fungal infection, ketogenic diet, supplemental niacin, high protein diet, prolonged fasting, supplemental vitamin B3, excess acidity. May be decreased due to nutrient deficiencies (molybdenum, zinc, iron), oxidative stress, low purine intake (vegetarian or vegan), excess alkalinity.
